This volume challenges the Eurocentric foundations of modern international relations scholarship. Its primary empirical focus is the early modern era, when European primacy had yet to develop in many parts of the globe. It presents a series ofMoreThis volume challenges the Eurocentric foundations of modern international relations scholarship. Its primary empirical focus is the early modern era, when European primacy had yet to develop in many parts of the globe. It presents a series of regional case studies from experts on East Asia, the Middle East, Africa and Latin America, and Russia to explore patterns of cross-cultural exchange and civilizational encounters.